For example, the district court found that the United States 'approved' one of the challenged police-officer examinations for use 'in other municipalities in Southern California.' It also found that the United States took 'substantial discovery' on, and challenged up until trial, seven examination for which it 'offered no evidence' of adverse impact at all. The district court further determined that the United States 'fall[ed] to provide meaningful discovery regarding its allegations or the bases of those allegations' and '[t]his unnecessarily and substantially increased the cost of defending the action.' Finally, the court found that 'the United States ... offered no alternative selection device that would equally serve Torrance's legitimate hiring objectives' while repeatedly assuring the district court it would do so.