Filed Date: April 2, 2012
Case Ongoing
Clearinghouse coding complete
On April 2, 2012, ten prisoners at the Orleans Parish Prison -- the New Orleans jail (NOJ) -- brought this class action suit in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana against the Orleans Parish Sheriff, under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The plaintiffs, represented by the Southern Poverty Law Center, asked for both declaratory and injunctive relief, alleging that they suffered from abusive and unconstitutional treatment while confined at the NOJ. The case was assigned to Judge Lance M. Africk and Magistrate Judge Sally Shushan.
The complaint alleged that the NOJ imposed endemic and egregious constitutional violations on its prisoners, detailing an incredible level of violence within the facility, both at the hands of staff and prisoners. It alleged that officials handled prisoners with mental health issues in an inhumane manner, including withholding medication from new inmates and taking inadequate steps to safeguard the lives of suicidal prisoners. The plaintiffs also alleged that the NOJ was inadequately staffed and supervised.
Prior to the filing of the lawsuit, the U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division had opened an investigation into conditions of confinement at the NOJ, filing a notice of investigation in 2008 and making formal public findings of egregiously dangerous conditions on September 11, 2009. The DOJ findings letter had, like the complaint in this lawsuit, detailed widespread excessive force and failures to protect prisoners, inadequate medical and mental health care, inadequate suicide prevention, and a dangerous physical plant. Just after this lawsuit was filed, the Justice Department sent an additional findings letter, setting out a list of deficiencies that necessitated emergency measures to address them.
In September 2012, the United States, with the consent of the parties, intervened in this case under the Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act and Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Title VI claim was that the NOJ discriminated against Latino prisoners in failing to provide necessary language services to prisoners with limited English proficiency. The Sheriff then filed a third-party complaint against the City of New Orleans, alleging that NOJ deficiencies were caused by the City's refusal to provide adequate funding.
In December 2012, the Sheriff, the private plaintiffs, and the DOJ reached a settlement. In addition to setting out substantive terms about improved conditions and provisions for monitoring and enforcement, the proposed consent judgment set forth a funding process: it required the court to "determine the initial funding needed to ensure constitutional conditions of confinement, in accordance with the terms of this Agreement," at a "funding trial" in which the City would participate.
The City of New Orleans, however, objected to the settlement's expansive terms, which it argued far exceeded the constitutional minimum requirements, in violation of its rights and the Prison Litigation Reform Act (PLRA). The PLRA disallows any federal court enforceable jail or prison decree that isn't narrowly tailored to cure ongoing constitutional violations. The City pointed out that it would be required to fund the millions of dollars (perhaps as much as $35 million) the settlement would cost. Because it had just entered into an extremely expensive settlement of its own with the DOJ Civil Rights Division (to reform the scandal-ridden New Orleans Police Department), the City complained money for this settlement was simply unavailable. (United States v. New Orleans).
After briefing, Judge Africk on January 22, 2013, granted preliminary approval of the settlement and scheduled a fairness hearing, at which he would examine it more thoroughly. In the months leading up to the fairness hearing, the City sought appointment of a receiver to run the NOJ, arguing that what was needed was not additional money but rather a change in control; the City blamed poor conditions on the Sheriff and his management.
The fairness hearing took four days, beginning April 1, 2013, with a good deal of additional briefing and discussion following. On June 6, 2013, Judge Africk rejected the City's arguments in a 103 page ruling, pointing out that elected Sheriffs frequently settle cases on their county or City's dime. He granted the motion for the consent judgment and the class certification, entering the proposed judgment. Judge Africk ruled that the NOJ was indeed imposing systemically unconstitutional conditions on its prisoners, describing a horrifying level of violence, untreated illness, and dysfunction.
The consent judgment was a comprehensive reform document, requiring wholesale changes to NOJ operations, and a monitor to assist/ensure that changes happen. The parties agreed to redesign the architectural plans for a new jail already under construction, to retroactively accommodate populations of prisoners with mental health issues. The facility was referred to as Phase III. The parties agreed to new policies regarding protection from harm, mental health care, medical care, sanitation and environmental conditions, fire and life safety; language assistance, and youthful prisoners. Specific provisions of the agreement included improved documentation of abuse by prisoners and staff; review of prison conditions and officials, new policies regarding the use of force against prisoners, a mandated separation of teenaged and adult prisoners, and a revised staffing plan to ensure that enough officers are provided to protect prisoners. The injunction had no set end date; it was to be lifted after the NOJ has remained in substantial compliance with the settlement agreement for a period of two years. It was court-enforceable by the plaintiffs and the United States.
The funding hearing was held in August 2013. On September 3, 2013, Judge Africk dismissed the City's motion to appoint a receiver without prejudice. On September 9, 2013, Judge Africk appointed Susan W. McCampbell as the lead monitor pursuant to the consent judgment, as well as sub-monitors. On September 12, 2013, Judge Africk also ordered the Sheriff and the City to each provide $105,000 for the purpose of paying the monitoring costs through the end of the year.
On October 10, 2013, Judge Africk approved the consent judgment on attorneys' fees. The Sheriff had to pay $900,000 in full and final settlement of all fees and costs.
On October 21, 2013, Judge Africk approved the settlement agreed to by all parties regarding the issue of funding between the Sheriff and the City. The City agreed to pay $1.8 million in interim funding for the fiscal year of 2013. The City did not agree to pay any specific level of funding for 2014 and beyond. On April 17, 2014, Judge Africk granted the joint motion for entry of a settlement agreement detailing more of the changes the Sheriff was to make and the uses for the funds provided by the City, including funds that had not yet been allocated. On August 13, 2014, the court approved the Sheriff's proposal for short-term housing of inmates with acute and subacute mental health problems and ordered the City to pay for it.
Monitoring continued over the subsequent years, as did litigation concerning compliance as the parties worked out the details within the settlement framework.
On April 25, 2016, the plaintiffs filed a motion to show cause why the defendants should not be held in contempt. The plaintiffs argued that, in light of the assessments of appointed monitors "about the Sheriff’s inability to achieve compliance and OPSO’s leadership shortcomings," the court should appoint a receiver to implement the reforms needed for compliance at the Orleans Paris Jail. The parties stipulated to the following agreement on June 21, 2016: (1) the Sheriff would appoint an independent jail compliance director to implement the consent judgment, (2) provisions for transparency and information sharing as implementation progressed, (3) the monitor's continued evaluative role, and (4) specific duties of the compliance director.
On December 2, 2016, the independent compliance director submitted a draft of the initial remedial action plan. He submitted his revised action plan a month later, as well as a supplemental action plan. Broadly, the director's action plan included strategies to (1) decrease the number of inmate and staff assaults, (2) accomplish sustainable hiring measures, (3) maintain a "positive, professionalized" jail staff culture, (4) ensure effective staff presence and deployment throughout the jail, (5) promote timely completion of critical policies and procedures related to compliance, (6) ensure staff are adequately trained, (7) ensure enforcement of direct supervision throughout the jail, (8) prevent undue reliance on cell confinement or lockdown, (9) timely return inmates housed outside of Orleans Parish, (10) ensure adequate support for inmates placed on suicide precautions, (11) reduce incidents of suicide and self-harm, (12) thorough and fair investigation of inmate grievances and incidents of harm, (13) ensure appropriate and recorded use of force by staff, (14) maintain acceptable sanitation and environmental conditions, (15) ensure the disciplinary system is effective and affords inmates due process, (16) ensure the implementation of budget control measures and competition in procurement, and (17) ensure effective staffing.
Remediation and monitoring occurred over the next year. On January 18, 2018, the monitor submitted the eighth report to the court, informing the court that safety, medical and mental health care, and environmental conditions of inmates had marginally improved at both the OJC and the Temporary Detention Center. Another report was submitted on August 29, 2018, reporting marginal improvement compared to the January report.
On July 27, 2018, the Jail Compliance Director filed a motion to clarify the stipulated order to determine whether the Jail Compliance Director "shares the absolute judicial immunity of the Court." On the recommendation of the magistrate judge, this motion was denied on October 15, 2018.
On January 25, 2019, in response to periodic updates and status reports from the independent compliance director, the court ordered: 1) short-term action be taken in response to mental health-related issues at OJC; and 2) the city shall direct the architect chosen to design the permanent facility to begin the programming phase of the project. After the mid-March status conference and monitors' report, the court ordered further design and construction of the permanent facility.
During a status conference in March 2020, the Sheriff expressed his desire to resume control of OJC by ending the court-appointed Jail Compliance Director's oversight of the facility. On May 26, 2020, a day after the deadline Judge Africk had given him, the Sheriff filed his motion to terminate the consent decree in its entirety. He argued that the defendants were in compliance with the consent decree based on the applicable constitutional minimum standard. According to the motion, continued enforcement of the decree would exceed the "narrowly drawn…least intrusive means necessary to correct the violation" standard required by the PLRA. The City filed its own motion for relief from certain court orders on June 29, 2020, seeking relief from orders pertaining to the improvement of conditions at the Orleans Parish Jail.
The court ruled on the court-appointed Jail Compliance Director's oversight on August 5, 2020, agreeing to terminate the Compliance Director’s appointment. The court found that the Compliance Director had enabled substantial compliance with the agreement, justifying the termination, though there was still work that needed to be done to bring the city into full compliance with the agreement. The court did not set a date for the Compliance Director’s termination.
Following a multi-week evidentiary hearing, Magistrate Judge Michael E. North submitted his recommendations regarding the City’s motion on December 7, 2020, recommending the motion be denied. The City sought relief from several court orders; in particular, it asked to be relieved of its obligation to construct the new Phase III facility. The City argued that improved healthcare at the OJC, budgetary shortfalls due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and an overall decrease in inmate population rendered Phase III unfeasible or unnecessary. Judge North found that testimony from medical and mental-health monitors’ directly contradicted the City’s assertion that healthcare had improved. Judge North also emphasized that the City's commitment to building Phase III was based on the knowledge that population decline was expected. Further, Judge North dismissed the City's argument of a significant budgetary shortfall, highlighting the City's contractual obligation to use FEMA funds exclusively for the implementation of its obligations under this case, which included the construction of Phase III. Finally, Judge North discussed the City’s presented alternatives to construction. The City suggested retrofitting the second floor of OJC to better accommodate prisoners with mental health treatment needs, which Judge North criticized as a haphazard, largely flawed plan.
Judge Africk adopted Judge North’s recommendations in full on January 25, 2021, denying the City’s request for relief. 515 F.Supp.3d 520. The City of New Orleans appealed Judge Africk’s order to the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit on February 2, 2021, and requested a stay of the proceedings pending appeal. On May 20, 2021, Judge North issued his recommendation that the motion to stay be denied. 2021 WL 3081577. The City had raised a new argument based on an automatic stay provision under the PLRA, arguing that an automatic stay was triggered on December 26, 2020, per the stay provision, and it simply sought to "give effect to" this stay by requesting a temporary halt to the construction Phase III. Judge North found it strange that the City failed to articulate its argument about the automatic stay until the reply brief, given the significant impact it would have had on the case. He further pointed out that the City continued work on the facility even after the alleged automatic stay came into effect. Judge Africk adopted the recommendation to deny the stay in full on July 21, 2021. 2021 WL 3077351.
The Fifth Circuit affirmed Judge Africk’s order on August 22, 2022, agreeing that the City had not sufficiently established changed circumstances that warranted relief from its obligations under the District Court’s orders. The City also argued that Judge Africk’s denial of the order constituted abuse of discretion, but the Fifth Circuit disagreed.
On June 26, 2023, the Sheriff filed a motion to terminate all orders regarding the construction of Phase III. Judge North recommended the motion be denied, and Judge Africk adopted the recommendation in full on September 5, 2023 (September Order). The Sheriff argued that it was private agreements, not court orders, that mandated Phase III construction. Judge Africk clarified that Phase III construction was mandated by judicially enforceable consent decrees, which were not private agreements, and rejected the Sheriff's interpretation that these decrees constituted an attempt to circumvent the PLRA. Judge Africk ordered the City to issue a Notice to Proceed to the Phase III contractor and warned against further delays, threatening severe sanctions for non-compliance. The Sheriff requested a stay of construction pending appeal of the September Order. The Fifth Circuit administratively stayed the case pending further consideration of the motion to stay on September 15, 2023, but ultimately declined to stay the construction of Phase III while they considered the Sheriff’s appeal. The administrative stay was dissolved September 21, 2023. Judge Africk also declined to stay the case pending appeal of the September Order. 2023 WL 7684603.
As of December 2023, the Sheriff’s appeal remains pending, and construction of Phase III and other compliance measures remain ongoing.
Summary Authors
Jonathan Forman (7/5/2013)
Jessica Kincaid (7/14/2014)
Virginia Weeks (12/1/2017)
Jake Parker (7/18/2018)
Alex Moody (5/28/2020)
Simran Takhar (11/24/2023)
Hamilton v. Schriro, Eastern District of Louisiana (1969)
United States v. City of New Orleans, Eastern District of Louisiana (2012)
For PACER's information on parties and their attorneys, see: https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/4270001/parties/jones-v-gusman/
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Rodriguez, Roberto H. (Louisiana)
Ross, Thomas Edward (Louisiana)
Rowland_AUSA, Ann C. (Louisiana)
Ruisanchez, Alberto (Louisiana)
Ruiz-Santiago, Jose A. (Louisiana)
Russell, Shelley D. (Louisiana)
SA-CV, Assistant US (Louisiana)
Sandberg, Justin Michael (Louisiana)
Sanders, Christopher W. (Louisiana)
Sarnell, Bradley Alexander (Louisiana)
Saylor, Elizabeth S. (Louisiana)
Schachner, Elliot M. (Louisiana)
Schachner, Elliot M. (Louisiana)
Schnieders, Kathleen Kelly (Louisiana)
Schnieders, Kathleen Kelly (Louisiana)
Schoenberger, Carina Hyatt (Louisiana)
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Schulte, Richard W. (Louisiana)
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Schwartzmann, Katharine Murphy (Louisiana)
Segina, Zoran Joseph (Louisiana)
Services, Pretrial (Louisiana)
Sgarlata, AnneMarie (Louisiana)
Sgarlata, AnneMarie (Louisiana)
Shepherd, Matthew W. (Louisiana)
Simmons, Timothy W. (Louisiana)
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Smith, Margaret M. (Louisiana)
Smith, John Albert (Louisiana)
Smith, Mark Steger (Louisiana)
Solomon, Alexander A. (Louisiana)
Soloveichik, Layaliza K. (Louisiana)
Songer, Michael Johnson (Louisiana)
Southwell, Alexander H. (Louisiana)
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Steinacker, Andrea K (Louisiana)
Strickland, Richard K. (Louisiana)
Stripling, Clarence Daniel (Louisiana)
Stripling, Clarence Daniel (Louisiana)
Swanson-Haan, Karen E. (Louisiana)
Sweeney, Margaret A. (Louisiana)
Tarosky, Adam Russell (Louisiana)
Taylor-Phillips, LaQuita J (Louisiana)
Taylor-Phillips, LaQuita J (Louisiana)
Tennerelli, Vincente Antonio (Louisiana)
Terrell, Stephen R (Louisiana)
Thorleifson, Tracy S (Louisiana)
Tinio, Rebecca Sol (Louisiana)
Tribuiani, Rinku Talwar (Louisiana)
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Turner, Serrin Andrew (Louisiana)
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Underhill, R Michael (Louisiana)
Underwood, Sabrina (Louisiana)
Urbanic, Theresa M. (Louisiana)
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Vanaskie, Thomas K. (Louisiana)
Vargas, Jeannette Anne (Louisiana)
Vargas-Vera, Rebecca (Louisiana)
Vassallo, Kristin Lynn (Louisiana)
Vassallo, Nicholas (Louisiana)
Venezia, Jill Ondrejko (Louisiana)
Viacava, Yolande G. (Louisiana)
Viacava, Yolande G. (Louisiana)
Wagner, Lynnett M. (Louisiana)
Wallenstein, Marc A. (Louisiana)
Walsh, Hannah Rose (Louisiana)
Warner, Eric Paxton (Louisiana)
Warren, Joseph W.C. (Louisiana)
Watkins, Susana Elizabeth (Louisiana)
Weir, Matthew Charles (Louisiana)
Weissburg, Jerry A (Louisiana)
Wendel, Clifford D (Louisiana)
Westphal, Leslie J. (Louisiana)
Whittlesey, Brent A (Louisiana)
Wiethe, Donetta Donaldson (Louisiana)
Wilcove, Michael N (Louisiana)
Wilcove, Michael N (Louisiana)
Williamson, Christopher James (Louisiana)
Willing-FLU, Patricia A. (Louisiana)
Wilson, Edward Bryan (Louisiana)
Wilson, Geoffrey Daniel (Louisiana)
Wiltsie, Ronald J. (Louisiana)
Wolverton, Caroline Lewis (Louisiana)
Wong, Sherra Tinyi (Louisiana)
Woodliff, Steven Christopher (Louisiana)
Woodliff, Steven Christopher (Louisiana)
Woodward, Thomas Scott (Louisiana)
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Yoo, Danny Young-In (Louisiana)
Zapata-Valladares, Teresa S. (Louisiana)
Zebrowski, Kathleen Ann (Louisiana)
Zevenbergen, Michael James (Louisiana)
Zimmerman, Erika M. (Louisiana)
Aaron, William David (Louisiana)
Abrams, Andrew Colin (Louisiana)
Bosworth, Graham Leaming (Louisiana)
Buckhalter-Honore, Melissia Ann (Louisiana)
Buckhalter-Honore, Melissia Ann (Louisiana)
Davillier, Daniel Ernest (Louisiana)
DiRosa, Joseph Vincent (Louisiana)
Dovalina, Stephanie (Louisiana)
Fayard, Calvin Clifford (Louisiana)
Fayard, Calvin Clifford (Louisiana)
Feeney, Gregory J. (Louisiana)
Follette, Patrick R. (Louisiana)
Gannon, Colleen Boyle (Louisiana)
Gibbens, William P. (Louisiana)
Goforth, William Rembert (Louisiana)
Goins, Richard Anthony (Louisiana)
Hebert, Detrich Delaine (Louisiana)
Herman, Stephen J. (Louisiana)
Jolivette, Nannette V. (Louisiana)
Joseph, Joyce Gerdes (Louisiana)
Kaufman, Mary Katherine (Louisiana)
Lambert, Nolan Patrick (Louisiana)
Leger, Walter John (Louisiana)
Levenson, Leonard Louis (Louisiana)
Lewis, Jonathan David (Louisiana)
Lewis, Jonathan David (Louisiana)
Lindsay, Matthew J. (Louisiana)
Matthews, Freeman Rudolph (Louisiana)
Mercadal, Derek M. (Louisiana)
Milner, Karen Edginton (Louisiana)
Moses-Fields, Penya M. (Louisiana)
Mullaly, James Bryan (Louisiana)
Mullaly, Jessica LaCambra (Louisiana)
O'Boyle, Inemesit U. (Louisiana)
Patin, David Joseph (Louisiana)
Phillips, Darryl M. (Louisiana)
Phillips, Darryl M. (Louisiana)
Poucher, Stephanie Michelle (Louisiana)
Raymond, Corwin St. (Louisiana)
Richardson, Timothy R (Louisiana)
Robins, Elizabeth S. (Louisiana)
Robins, Elizabeth S. (Louisiana)
Schultz, Sherry Landry (Louisiana)
Simmons, Jennifer L. (Louisiana)
Simms, Cherrell R. (Louisiana)
Stevens, Scott Christopher (Louisiana)
Strachan, David M. (Louisiana)
Usry, Thomas Allen (Louisiana)
Valliant, Heather M. (Louisiana)
Williams, Isaka R. (Louisiana)
Williams, James McClendon (Louisiana)
Williams, DeWayne Larry (Louisiana)
Austin, Roy L. (District of Columbia)
Barbera, Thomas Jeffrey (Louisiana)
Bowdler, Bryan Edward (Louisiana)
Brett, Sharon (District of Columbia)
Capitelli, Brian Joseph (Louisiana)
Carter, Theodore R. III (Louisiana)
Coon, Laura (District of Columbia)
Cortizas, Richard F. (Louisiana)
Cowall, Laura Coon (District of Columbia)
Dean, Kerry Krentler (District of Columbia)
Eagan, Ewell Patrick (Louisiana)
Eppsteiner, George E (District of Columbia)
Fraser, Matthew David (Louisiana)
Gupta, Vanita (District of Columbia)
Hansell, Churita H. (Louisiana)
Harowski, Christie C. (Louisiana)
Holder, Eric H. Jr. (District of Columbia)
King, Loretta (District of Columbia)
Marks, Megan R (District of Columbia)
Perez, Thomas E. (District of Columbia)
Polite, Kenneth A. (Louisiana)
Quigley, William Patrick (Louisiana)
Rosenbaum, Steven H. (District of Columbia)
Rosenberg, Harry A. (Louisiana)
Sanders, Corey M. (District of Columbia)
Smith, Jonathan Mark (District of Columbia)
Stanley, Richard C (Louisiana)
Taplin, Cherrell Simms (Louisiana)
Turner, Donesia Diane (Louisiana)
See docket on RECAP: https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/4270001/jones-v-gusman/
Last updated March 12, 2024, 3 a.m.
State / Territory: Louisiana
Case Type(s):
Special Collection(s):
Post-WalMart decisions on class certification
Key Dates
Filing Date: April 2, 2012
Case Ongoing: Yes
Plaintiffs
Plaintiff Description:
Men, women and youth imprisoned at the Orleans Parish Prison; also the U.S. as intervening plaintiff.
Plaintiff Type(s):
U.S. Dept of Justice plaintiff
Attorney Organizations:
U.S. Dept. of Justice Civil Rights Division
Public Interest Lawyer: Yes
Filed Pro Se: No
Class Action Sought: Yes
Class Action Outcome: Granted
Defendants
City of New Orleans (New Orleans), City
Defendant Type(s):
Case Details
Causes of Action:
Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act (CRIPA), 42 U.S.C. § 1997 et seq.
Title VI, Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000d et seq.
Constitutional Clause(s):
Available Documents:
Injunctive (or Injunctive-like) Relief
Outcome
Prevailing Party: Plaintiff
Nature of Relief:
Injunction / Injunctive-like Settlement
Source of Relief:
Form of Settlement:
Court Approved Settlement or Consent Decree
Amount Defendant Pays: 2,700,000
Order Duration: 2012 - None
Content of Injunction:
Other requirements regarding hiring, promotion, retention
Issues
General:
Food service / nutrition / hydration
Sanitation / living conditions
Staff (number, training, qualifications, wages)
Policing:
Jails, Prisons, Detention Centers, and Other Institutions:
Sexual abuse by residents/inmates
Sex w/ staff; sexual harassment by staff
Assault/abuse by staff (facilities)
Assault/abuse by non-staff (facilities)
Discrimination-basis:
National origin discrimination
Affected Sex or Gender:
Language:
Medical/Mental Health:
Type of Facility: