Case: Barroca v. Bureau of Prisons

1:18-cv-02740 | U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia

Filed Date: Nov. 26, 2018

Closed Date: 2019

Clearinghouse coding complete

Case Summary

On November 26, 2018, a group of federal prisoners and advocacy groups filed this lawsuit against the Federal Bureau of Prisons (“BOP”) and its director, in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia. The plaintiffs challenged the BOP’s March 3, 2018 decision to issue a Record of Decision in support of its proposed plan to build what they said was an unneeded new United States Penitentiary (“USP”) in Letcher County, Kentucky, at the cost of at least $444 million. The plaintiffs, repre…

On November 26, 2018, a group of federal prisoners and advocacy groups filed this lawsuit against the Federal Bureau of Prisons (“BOP”) and its director, in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia. The plaintiffs challenged the BOP’s March 3, 2018 decision to issue a Record of Decision in support of its proposed plan to build what they said was an unneeded new United States Penitentiary (“USP”) in Letcher County, Kentucky, at the cost of at least $444 million. The plaintiffs, represented by the Abolitionist Law Center and others, claimed that the defendants violated the National Environmental Protection Act and the Administrative Procedure Act by failing to properly provide the plaintiffs notice and opportunities to comment on BOP’s proposed action, failing to identify a legitimate purpose and need in its Environmental Impact Statement (“EIS”) for the action, and failing to conduct an environmental analysis and take a hard look at the action’s environmental impacts. The Complaint sought declaratory and injunctive relief, as well as attorney’s fees.

The defendant BOP filed a motion to dismiss on March 11, 2019, for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. BOP argued that the plaintiffs did not have Article III standing because they failed to allege a cognizable injury from the future construction of a prison. On April 23, 2019, the plaintiffs filed a second amended complaint and Judge James E. Boasberg denied the motion to dismiss because it was no longer addressed to the most recent complaint. This new complaint alleged additional facts and added an additional claim that the defendants violated the National Environmental Protection Act and the Administrative Procedure Act by failing to issue a supplemental EIS in light of important new information.

On June 5, 2019, the Director of BOP withdrew the Record of Decision regarding the proposal to build this prison. The withdrawal was, BOP said, based upon new information relevant to the environmental analysis for the proposed action. Following the withdrawal, the parties conferred and agreed that it would not be appropriate for the defendants to file an answer to the second amended complaint, so the parties filed a joint motion to stay the case for thirty days. On July 18, 2019, Judge Boasberg granted the motion and stayed the case until August 19, 2019.

On August 19, the parties filed a status report and indicated that they would like to dismiss the complaint. On September 4, 2019, the plaintiffs filed a stipulation of voluntary dismissal. On the next day, the court ordered that the case was dismissed with prejudice. Upon a motion by the plaintiffs, the court amended the order on September 11, 2019 and instead ordered that the case was dismissed without prejudice. The case is now closed.

Summary Authors

Sichun Liu (2/8/2020)

People

For PACER's information on parties and their attorneys, see: https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/8248684/parties/barroca-v-bureau-of-prisons/


Judge(s)

Boasberg, James Emanuel (District of Columbia)

Attorney for Plaintiff

Bollag, Alexander Hewe (Louisiana)

Cufone, Marianne (Louisiana)

McDaniel, Dustin (Pennsylvania)

Attorney for Defendant

Duffy, Sean C. (District of Columbia)

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Documents in the Clearinghouse

Document

1:18-cv-02740

Docket [PACER]

Sept. 11, 2019

Sept. 11, 2019

Docket
1

1:18-cv-02740

Complaint

Nov. 26, 2018

Nov. 26, 2018

Complaint
12

1:18-cv-02740

Amended Complaint

April 23, 2019

April 23, 2019

Complaint
18

1:18-cv-02740

Stipulation of Dismissal

Sept. 4, 2019

Sept. 4, 2019

Pleading / Motion / Brief

Docket

See docket on RECAP: https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/8248684/barroca-v-bureau-of-prisons/

Last updated March 17, 2024, 3:04 a.m.

ECF Number Description Date Link Date / Link
1

COMPLAINT against BUREAU OF PRISONS, HUGH J. HURWITZ ( Filing fee $ 400 receipt number 0090-5807241) filed by BRENT LOVETT, CONNOR STEVENS, CHRISTOPHER GRIEF, JOSEPH RECTOR, ROBERT BLACK, ABOLITIONIST LAW CENTER, ROBERT BARROCA, VERNON REID, SCOTT PETRIE, JAMES B. MITCHELL, MANUEL GAUNA, DAVID CILLA, GEORGE JEFFERSON, JEREMY MACK, MICHAEL SCHUTTPELZ, RONALD MYERS, JASON PALACIOS, JEREMY HAMMOND, AUBURN CALLOWAY, DAVID ROSTAN, MARK JORDAN, CORVAIN COOPER. (Attachments: # 1 Civil Cover Sheet, # 2 Summons BOP summons, # 3 Summons Hurwitz summons)(McDaniel, Dustin) (Entered: 11/26/2018)

1 Civil Cover Sheet

View on PACER

2 Summons BOP summons

View on PACER

3 Summons Hurwitz summons

View on PACER

Nov. 26, 2018

Nov. 26, 2018

RECAP
2

ERRATA by ABOLITIONIST LAW CENTER, ROBERT BARROCA, ROBERT BLACK, AUBURN CALLOWAY, DAVID CILLA, CORVAIN COOPER, MANUEL GAUNA, CHRISTOPHER GRIEF, JEREMY HAMMOND, GEORGE JEFFERSON, III, MARK JORDAN, BRENT LOVETT, JEREMY MACK, JAMES MITCHELL, RONALD MYERS, JASON PALACIOS, SCOTT PETRIE, JOSEPH RECTOR, VERNON REID, DAVID ROSTAN, MICHAEL SCHUTTPELZ, CONNOR STEVENS 1 Complaint,, filed by SCOTT PETRIE, VERNON REID, MICHAEL SCHUTTPELZ, BRENT LOVETT, JEREMY HAMMOND, GEORGE JEFFERSON, III, CONNOR STEVENS, JEREMY MACK, ROBERT BLACK, AUBURN CALLOWAY, ROBERT BARROCA, JOSEPH RECTOR, ABOLITIONIST LAW CENTER, DAVID CILLA, CHRISTOPHER GRIEF, JASON PALACIOS, MANUEL GAUNA, RONALD MYERS, MARK JORDAN, DAVID ROSTAN, CORVAIN COOPER, JAMES MITCHELL. (McDaniel, Dustin) (Entered: 11/27/2018)

Nov. 27, 2018

Nov. 27, 2018

PACER
3

MOTION for Leave to Appear Pro Hac Vice :Attorney Name- Emily H. Posner, :Address- 7214 St. Charles Box 913. Phone No. - 225-746-8820. Filing fee $ 100, receipt number 0090-5810425. Fee Status: Fee Paid. by ABOLITIONIST LAW CENTER, ROBERT BARROCA, ROBERT BLACK, AUBURN CALLOWAY, DAVID CILLA, CORVAIN COOPER, MANUEL GAUNA, CHRISTOPHER GRIEF, JEREMY HAMMOND, GEORGE JEFFERSON, III, MARK JORDAN, BRENT LOVETT, JEREMY MACK, JAMES MITCHELL, RONALD MYERS, JASON PALACIOS, SCOTT PETRIE, JOSEPH RECTOR, VERNON REID, DAVID ROSTAN, MICHAEL SCHUTTPELZ, CONNOR STEVENS (Attachments: # 1 Exhibit)(McDaniel, Dustin) (Entered: 11/27/2018)

Nov. 27, 2018

Nov. 27, 2018

PACER

Case Assigned/Reassigned

Nov. 28, 2018

Nov. 28, 2018

PACER

Case Assigned to Judge James E. Boasberg. (zsb)

Nov. 28, 2018

Nov. 28, 2018

PACER
4

SUMMONS (2) Issued Electronically as to BUREAU OF PRISONS, HUGH J. HURWITZ. (Attachment: # 1 Notice and Consent)(zsb) (Entered: 11/28/2018)

Nov. 28, 2018

Nov. 28, 2018

PACER

Order on Motion for Leave to Appear Pro Hac Vice

Nov. 30, 2018

Nov. 30, 2018

PACER

MINUTE ORDER GRANTING 3 Motion for Leave to Appear Pro Hac Vice of EMILY H. POSNER. So ORDERED by Judge James E. Boasberg on 11/30/2018. (lcjeb2)

Nov. 30, 2018

Nov. 30, 2018

PACER
5

NOTICE of Appearance by Sean Christian Duffy on behalf of All Defendants (Duffy, Sean) (Entered: 01/25/2019)

Jan. 25, 2019

Jan. 25, 2019

PACER
6

Consent MOTION for Extension of Time to File Answer by BUREAU OF PRISONS, HUGH J. HURWITZ (Attachments: # 1 Text of Proposed Order)(Duffy, Sean) (Entered: 01/30/2019)

Jan. 30, 2019

Jan. 30, 2019

PACER

MINUTE ORDER: The Court ORDERS that Defendants' Consent 6 Motion for Extension of Time to File is GRANTED and that Defendants shall file their Answer or otherwise respond to the Complaint by March 11, 2019. So ORDERED by Judge James E. Boasberg on 1/30/2019. (lcjeb3)

Jan. 30, 2019

Jan. 30, 2019

PACER

Set/Reset Deadlines: Answer due by 3/11/2019. (znbn)

Jan. 30, 2019

Jan. 30, 2019

PACER
7

MOTION to Dismiss for Lack of Jurisdiction by BUREAU OF PRISONS, HUGH J. HURWITZ (Attachments: # 1 Memorandum in Support, # 2 Exhibit, # 3 Exhibit, # 4 Exhibit)(Duffy, Sean) (Entered: 03/11/2019)

March 11, 2019

March 11, 2019

PACER
8

Joint MOTION for Extension of Time to File Briefs by ABOLITIONIST LAW CENTER, ROBERT BARROCA, ROBERT BLACK, AUBURN CALLOWAY, DAVID CILLA, CORVAIN COOPER, MANUEL GAUNA, CHRISTOPHER GRIEF, JEREMY HAMMOND, GEORGE JEFFERSON, III, MARK JORDAN, BRENT LOVETT, JEREMY MACK, JAMES MITCHELL, RONALD MYERS, JASON PALACIOS, SCOTT PETRIE, JOSEPH RECTOR, VERNON REID, DAVID ROSTAN, MICHAEL SCHUTTPELZ, CONNOR STEVENS (Posner, Emily) (Entered: 03/20/2019)

March 20, 2019

March 20, 2019

PACER

Order on Motion for Extension of Time to File

March 21, 2019

March 21, 2019

PACER

Set/Reset Deadlines

March 21, 2019

March 21, 2019

PACER

.Order

March 21, 2019

March 21, 2019

PACER

MINUTE ORDER GRANTING Consent 8 Motion for Extension of Time to File. The Court ORDERS that: 1) Plaintiffs shall file their Opposition to Defendants' Motion to Dismiss by April 25, 2019; and 2) Defendants shall file their Reply by May 12, 2019. So ORDERED by Judge James E. Boasberg on 3/21/2019. (lcjeb2)

March 21, 2019

March 21, 2019

PACER

Set/Reset Deadlines: Responses due by 4/25/2019. Replies due by 5/12/2019. (znbn)

March 21, 2019

March 21, 2019

PACER

MINUTE ORDER: Due to a scheduling error, the Court ORDERS that the deadline for Defendants' Reply is RESET from May 12, 2019, to May 16, 2019. So ORDERED by Judge James E. Boasberg on 3/21/2019. (lcjeb2)

March 21, 2019

March 21, 2019

PACER

Set/Reset Deadlines: Replies due by 5/16/2019. (znbn)

March 21, 2019

March 21, 2019

PACER

Set/Reset Deadlines

March 22, 2019

March 22, 2019

PACER
9

MOTION for Leave to File Second Amended Complaint by ABOLITIONIST LAW CENTER, ROBERT BARROCA, ROBERT BLACK, AUBURN CALLOWAY, DAVID CILLA, CORVAIN COOPER, MANUEL GAUNA, CHRISTOPHER GRIEF, JEREMY HAMMOND, GEORGE JEFFERSON, III, MARK JORDAN, BRENT LOVETT, JEREMY MACK, JAMES MITCHELL, RONALD MYERS, JASON PALACIOS, SCOTT PETRIE, JOSEPH RECTOR, VERNON REID, DAVID ROSTAN, MICHAEL SCHUTTPELZ, CONNOR STEVENS (Attachments: # 1 Exhibit Proposed Second Amended Complaint)(Posner, Emily) (Entered: 04/23/2019)

April 23, 2019

April 23, 2019

PACER

Order on Motion to Dismiss/Lack of Jurisdiction

April 23, 2019

April 23, 2019

PACER

Order on Motion for Leave to File

April 23, 2019

April 23, 2019

PACER

MINUTE ORDER: The Court ORDERS that: 1) Plaintiffs' 9 Motion for Leave is GRANTED; 2) The attached proposed Second Amended Complaint is deemed FILED; 3) Defendants' 7 Motion to Dismiss is DENIED WITHOUT PREJUDICE as superseded by the new Complaint; and 4) Defendants shall respond to the new Complaint by May 7, 2019. So ORDERED by Judge James E. Boasberg on 4/23/2019. (lcjeb2)

April 23, 2019

April 23, 2019

PACER
10

MOTION for Leave to Appear Pro Hac Vice :Attorney Name- Marianne Cufone, :Firm- Green Justice Legal, :Address- 515 Short Street. Phone No. - 813-785-8386. Filing fee $ 100, receipt number 0090-6078076. Fee Status: Fee Paid. by ABOLITIONIST LAW CENTER, ROBERT BARROCA, ROBERT BLACK, AUBURN CALLOWAY, DAVID CILLA, CORVAIN COOPER, MANUEL GAUNA, CHRISTOPHER GRIEF, JEREMY HAMMOND, GEORGE JEFFERSON, III, MARK JORDAN, BRENT LOVETT, JEREMY MACK, JAMES MITCHELL, RONALD MYERS, JASON PALACIOS, SCOTT PETRIE, JOSEPH RECTOR, VERNON REID, DAVID ROSTAN, MICHAEL SCHUTTPELZ, CONNOR STEVENS (McDaniel, Dustin) (Entered: 04/23/2019)

April 23, 2019

April 23, 2019

PACER
11

MOTION for Leave to Appear Pro Hac Vice :Attorney Name- Alexander H. Bollag, :Firm- Green Justice Legal, :Address- 515 Short Street. Phone No. - 919-923-5973. Filing fee $ 100, receipt number 0090-6078077. Fee Status: Fee Paid. by ABOLITIONIST LAW CENTER, ROBERT BARROCA, ROBERT BLACK, AUBURN CALLOWAY, DAVID CILLA, CORVAIN COOPER, MANUEL GAUNA, CHRISTOPHER GRIEF, JEREMY HAMMOND, GEORGE JEFFERSON, III, MARK JORDAN, BRENT LOVETT, JEREMY MACK, JAMES MITCHELL, RONALD MYERS, JASON PALACIOS, SCOTT PETRIE, JOSEPH RECTOR, VERNON REID, DAVID ROSTAN, MICHAEL SCHUTTPELZ, CONNOR STEVENS (McDaniel, Dustin) (Entered: 04/23/2019)

April 23, 2019

April 23, 2019

PACER
12

AMENDED COMPLAINT against BUREAU OF PRISONS, HUGH J. HURWITZ filed by BRENT LOVETT, CONNOR STEVENS, CHRISTOPHER GRIEF, JOSEPH RECTOR, ROBERT BLACK, ABOLITIONIST LAW CENTER, ROBERT BARROCA, VERNON REID, SCOTT PETRIE, JAMES MITCHELL, MANUEL GAUNA, DAVID CILLA, GEORGE JEFFERSON, III, JEREMY MACK, MICHAEL SCHUTTPELZ, RONALD MYERS, JASON PALACIOS, JEREMY HAMMOND, AUBURN CALLOWAY, DAVID ROSTAN, MARK JORDAN, CORVAIN COOPER, FRIENDS OF LILLEY CORNETT WOODS AND THE NORTH FORK RIVER WATERSHED.(ztth) (Entered: 04/30/2019)

April 23, 2019

April 23, 2019

PACER

Order on Motion for Leave to Appear Pro Hac Vice

April 24, 2019

April 24, 2019

PACER

MINUTE ORDER GRANTING 10 Motion for Admission Pro Hac Vice of MARIANNE CUFONE. So ORDERED by Judge James E. Boasberg on 4/24/2019. (lcjeb2)

April 24, 2019

April 24, 2019

PACER

MINUTE ORDER GRANTING 11 Motion for Admission Pro Hac Vice of ALEXANDER HEWE BOLLAG. So ORDERED by Judge James E. Boasberg on 4/24/2019. (lcjeb2)

April 24, 2019

April 24, 2019

PACER
13

Unopposed MOTION for Extension of Time to Respond to Second Amended Complaint by BUREAU OF PRISONS (Attachments: # 1 Text of Proposed Order)(Duffy, Sean) (Entered: 05/01/2019)

May 1, 2019

May 1, 2019

PACER

Order on Motion for Extension of Time to

May 2, 2019

May 2, 2019

PACER

Set/Reset Deadlines

May 2, 2019

May 2, 2019

PACER

MINUTE ORDER GRANTING Defendants' 13 Motion for Extension of Time. The Court ORDERS that Defendants shall respond to Plaintiffs' Amended Complaint by May 28, 2019. So ORDERED by Judge James E. Boasberg on 5/2/2019. (lcjeb2)

May 2, 2019

May 2, 2019

PACER

Set/Reset Deadlines: Responses due by 5/28/2019. (znbn)

May 2, 2019

May 2, 2019

PACER
14

Unopposed MOTION for Extension of Time to File Answer by BUREAU OF PRISONS (Attachments: # 1 Text of Proposed Order)(Duffy, Sean) (Entered: 05/23/2019)

May 23, 2019

May 23, 2019

PACER

Order on Motion for Extension of Time to Answer

May 24, 2019

May 24, 2019

PACER

Set/Reset Deadlines

May 24, 2019

May 24, 2019

PACER

MINUTE ORDER GRANTING Defendants' 14 Motion for Extension of Time. The Court ORDERS that Defendants shall respond to Plaintiffs' Amended Complaint by June 28, 2019. So ORDERED by Judge James E. Boasberg on 5/24/2019. (lcjeb2)

May 24, 2019

May 24, 2019

PACER

Set/Reset Deadlines: Responses due by 6/28/2019. (znbn)

May 24, 2019

May 24, 2019

PACER
15

Third MOTION for Extension of Time to File Answer by BUREAU OF PRISONS (Attachments: # 1 Text of Proposed Order, # 2 Exhibit)(Duffy, Sean) (Entered: 06/27/2019)

June 27, 2019

June 27, 2019

PACER

Order on Motion for Extension of Time to Answer

June 27, 2019

June 27, 2019

PACER

Set/Reset Deadlines

June 27, 2019

June 27, 2019

PACER

MINUTE ORDER GRANTING 15 Motion for Extension of Time. The Court ORDERS that Defendants shall respond to Plaintiffs' Second Amended Complaint by July 19, 2019. So ORDERED by Judge James E. Boasberg on 6/27/2019. (lcjeb1)

June 27, 2019

June 27, 2019

PACER

Set/Reset Deadlines: Answer to Second Amended Complaint due by 7/19/2019 (lsj)

June 27, 2019

June 27, 2019

PACER
16

Joint MOTION to Hold in Abeyance For 30 Days by BUREAU OF PRISONS (Duffy, Sean) (Entered: 07/18/2019)

July 18, 2019

July 18, 2019

PACER

Order on Motion to Hold in Abeyance

July 18, 2019

July 18, 2019

PACER

MINUTE ORDER: The Court ORDERS that the parties' 16 Joint Motion is GRANTED, the case shall be STAYED until August 19, 2019, and the parties shall submit a joint status report by that date. So ORDERED by Judge James E. Boasberg on 7/18/2019. (lcjeb2)

July 18, 2019

July 18, 2019

PACER

Set/Reset Deadlines: Joint Status Report due by 8/19/2019. (znbn)

July 18, 2019

July 18, 2019

PACER

Case Stayed until 8/19/2019. (znbn)

July 18, 2019

July 18, 2019

PACER

Case Stayed

July 19, 2019

July 19, 2019

PACER

Set/Reset Deadlines

July 19, 2019

July 19, 2019

PACER
17

Joint STATUS REPORT by BUREAU OF PRISONS, HUGH J. HURWITZ. (Duffy, Sean) (Entered: 08/19/2019)

Aug. 19, 2019

Aug. 19, 2019

PACER

.Order

Aug. 20, 2019

Aug. 20, 2019

PACER

Set/Reset Deadlines

Aug. 20, 2019

Aug. 20, 2019

PACER

MINUTE ORDER: The Court ORDERS that the parties shall file either a stipulation of dismissal or a further status report by September 4, 2019. So ORDERED by Judge James E. Boasberg on 08/20/2019. (lcjeb2)

Aug. 20, 2019

Aug. 20, 2019

PACER

Set/Reset Deadlines: Stipulation of dismissal or a further status report due by 9/4/2019. (znbn)

Aug. 20, 2019

Aug. 20, 2019

PACER
18

NOTICE of Voluntary Dismissal by All Plaintiffs (Bollag, Alexander) (Entered: 09/04/2019)

Sept. 4, 2019

Sept. 4, 2019

PACER

.Order

Sept. 5, 2019

Sept. 5, 2019

PACER

VACATED PURSUANT TO MINUTE ORDER FILED 9/11/2019.....MINUTE ORDER: Per the parties' 18 Stipulation of Dismissal, the Court ORDERS that the case is DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE. So ORDERED by Judge James E. Boasberg on 09/05/2019. (lcjeb2) Modified on 9/13/2019 (znmw).

Sept. 5, 2019

Sept. 5, 2019

PACER
19

Joint MOTION to Amend/Correct September 5, 2019 Minute Order by ABOLITIONIST LAW CENTER, ROBERT BARROCA, ROBERT BLACK, AUBURN CALLOWAY, DAVID CILLA, CORVAIN COOPER, FRIENDS OF LILLEY CORNETT WOODS AND THE NORTH FORK RIVER WATERSHED, MANUEL GAUNA, CHRISTOPHER GRIEF, JEREMY HAMMOND, GEORGE JEFFERSON, III, MARK JORDAN, BRENT LOVETT, JEREMY MACK, JAMES MITCHELL, RONALD MYERS, JASON PALACIOS, SCOTT PETRIE, JOSEPH RECTOR, VERNON REID, DAVID ROSTAN, MICHAEL SCHUTTPELZ, CONNOR STEVENS (Bollag, Alexander) (Entered: 09/10/2019)

Sept. 10, 2019

Sept. 10, 2019

PACER

Order on Motion to Amend/Correct

Sept. 11, 2019

Sept. 11, 2019

PACER

Order on Motion to Amend/Correct

Sept. 11, 2019

Sept. 11, 2019

PACER

MINUTE ORDER GRANTING Joint 19 Motion to Amend/Correct. The Court ORDERS that its Minute Order of September 5, 2019, is hereby VACATED and further ORDERS that the case is DISMISSED WITHOUT PREJUDICE. So ORDERED by Judge James E. Boasberg on 09/11/2019. (lcjeb2)

Sept. 11, 2019

Sept. 11, 2019

PACER

MINUTE ORDER GRANTING Joint 19 Motion to Amend/Correct. The Court ORDERS that its Minute Order of September 5, 2019, is hereby VACATED and further ORDERS that the case is DISMISSED WITHOUT PREJUDICE. So ORDERED by Judge James E. Boasberg on 09/11/2019. (lcjeb2)

Sept. 11, 2019

Sept. 11, 2019

PACER

Case Details

State / Territory: District of Columbia

Case Type(s):

Criminal Justice (Other)

Special Collection(s):

Multi-LexSum (in sample)

Key Dates

Filing Date: Nov. 26, 2018

Closing Date: 2019

Case Ongoing: No

Plaintiffs

Plaintiff Description:

A group of federal prisoners and advocacy groups.

Plaintiff Type(s):

Private Plaintiff

Public Interest Lawyer: Yes

Filed Pro Se: No

Class Action Sought: No

Class Action Outcome: Not sought

Defendants

Federal Bureau of Prisons, Federal

Defendant Type(s):

Corrections

Case Details

Causes of Action:

Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. §§ 551 et seq.

Available Documents:

Trial Court Docket

Complaint (any)

Outcome

Prevailing Party: Plaintiff

Source of Relief:

Settlement

Form of Settlement:

Voluntary Dismissal

Issues

Policing:

Inadequate citizen complaint investigations and procedures