On October 15, 2013, seven Michigan prisoners under the age of 18 but confined in adult correctional institutions filed this putative class action in the U.S. District Court of the Eastern District of Michigan. The plaintiffs brought claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and 18 U.S.C. § 1591 against the Michigan Department of Corrections, the Governor of Michigan, and a number of named correctional officers and administrators. Represented by private counsel, the plaintiffs alleged that they were sexually assaulted or harassed by adult prisoners and guards while confined in adult correctional institutions run by the Michigan Department of Corrections. Specifically, the plaintiffs alleged that the policy and practice of placing juveniles in adult prisons without taking adequate steps to protect them from known harm constituted deliberate indifference to their safety in violation of rights guaranteed by the Fourth Amendment, Eighth Amendment, Fourteenth Amendment, and various international treaties. The plaintiffs sought injunctive and declaratory relief as well as monetary damages.

In addition to this lawsuit, the plaintiffs also filed a complaint in state court for damages based on the same alleged facts. A summary of that lawsuit is available here.

On December 20, 2013, the defendants moved to dismiss the case. Two months later, they also moved for summary judgment, claiming that the plaintiffs lacked standing because they were no longer minors, and that the claims were moot because minor prisoners were no longer housed with adults.

The following month, the United States submitted a statement of interest clarifying its position on the Prison Rape Elimination Act. It stated that the defendants were incorrect in their assertions (1) that the PREA did not apply to states, and (2) that the “alleged risk” of harm to youthful offenders became moot when the MDOC changed its practices and began separating youthful offenders from adults. The U.S. instead stated that the PREA did apply to state institutions and compliance alone did not render a claim moot.

On May 28, 2014, District Court Judge Robert H. Cleland granted in part and denied in part the motion to dismiss. He held that the plaintiffs did have standing, despite no longer being underage, as standing is determined at the time the complaint is filed. As for mootness, the court held that the defendants' voluntary cessation of the practice of housing minors with adults was not enough to render the case moot. The practice was still permissible under state law and the defendants themselves had characterized their compliance with this provision of PREA as voluntary. However, the court did grant the defendants summary judgment on the plaintiffs' claims under the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, and customary international law. The court dismissed these claims because none of the treaties created an independently enforceable right and because there was no peremptory norm of international law against housing youth and adults together in correctional institutions. 2014 WL 2207136 (E.D. Mich. May 28, 2014).

The defendants filed an additional motion to dismiss, alleging that the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment claims should be dismissed because the issues were better suited for Eighth Amendment analysis, and that the defendants were entitled to qualified immunity. The court denied this motion on August 5, 2014.

For the next few years, much of this litigation focused on whether the plaintiffs had exhausted their administrative remedies as required by the Prison Litigation Reform Act. First, in May 2014, the defendants moved for summary judgment as to Plaintiff John Doe 3. They filed an additional motion in May 2015, which the court granted in part and denied in part on February 8, 2016. The court granted summary judgment for the claims by all of the named plaintiffs except for John Doe 3, whose claim could go forward because there was a triable issue of fact related to whether defendants had thwarted his previous efforts to grieve. 2016 WL 465496 (E.D. Mich. Feb. 8, 2016).

The plaintiffs filed an amended complaint on March 15, 2016, adding five new John Doe plaintiffs.

Several of the plaintiffs dismissed under the February 2016 order subsequently exhausted the administrative remedies and filed a separate case in the same court (docket number 16-13765). Judge Robert Cleland consolidated the cases on May 8, 2017.

Meanwhile, the defendants filed another motion for summary judgment based on exhaustion. On March 14, 2017, the court granted in part and denied in part the motion. It dismissed two plaintiffs and allowed one to remain. The defendants then moved for summary judgment twice more, which the court denied on February 21, 2018 and then later granted in part on November 5.

In response to the defendants’ attempts to dismiss plaintiffs from the case, the plaintiffs moved to apply a single John Doe exhaustion to the entire putative class. The court denied this motion on February 21, 2018, holding that it was not the appropriate time to determine the imputed exhaustion question because the plaintiffs had not yet shown actual exhaustion by any class representative.

On November 5, 2018, the court granted the defendants' motion to dismiss some of the claims, finding that some of the John Doe plaintiffs had failed to exhaust their administrative remedies. The court explained that these plaintiffs could not demonstrate exhaustion by compliance with the defendants' PREA grievance process because these plaintiffs' claims arose before MDOC adopted that process. The court also dismissed the Michigan Department of Corrections from the case on sovereign immunity grounds. 2018 WL 5786199 (E.D. Mich. 2018).

Judge Cleland terminated the case without prejudice on March 20, 2020. Judge Cleland noted that the state court case settled, so he therefore terminated this case. More information can be found with regards to the state court adjudication and eventual settlement here: PC-MI-0039.

Richard Jolly - 11/05/2014
Jessica Kincaid - 02/26/2016
Virginia Weeks - 09/14/2017
Gabriela Hybel - 03/30/2019
Justin Hill - 04/13/2020


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